|
|
Minor insect groups as pollinators and flower visitors
Jůna, František ; Kotyková Varadínová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Tropek, Robert (referee)
The aim of my bachelor thesis is to review flower-insect interactions in those insect orders which are traditionally recognized as minor groups of insect pollinators. This means Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera orders are excluded. The emphasis is on the occurrence of pollination relationship, but palynivory, nectarivory, flower herbivory and flowers as hunting-site are discussed too. Much of the research is just listing the species which were found on flowers without any deeper study of their relationship with the flower. These non-specified interactions are recognised as flower visitors. Most of this bachelor thesis is about the order of Thrips (Thysanoptera), because of the large number of pollinators in this order. On the other hand many other orders are only mentioned or they even are missing. There is little interaction by some orders, or the interactions are missing or they are unknown. Also fossil flower-insect interactions are mentioned too. Key words Pollination, Thrips, Cockroaches, Lacewings, True bugs, Scorpionflies, Earwigs, Orthoptera, Caddisflies
|
|
|
Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee) ; Krištín, Anton (referee)
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
|
|
|
The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee) ; Fischer, Jan (referee)
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
|
|
|
The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
|
|
|
Comprehensive analysis of warning and defense compounds of true bugs by high-performance separation methods
Krajíček, Jan
Insects have developed many strategies of defence against predators in the course of evolution. The evolutionarily oldest and most widely used type of defence is chemical defence, followed by acoustic or optical defence. However, many species of insects use simultaneously multiple types of warning signals, which affect different sensory receptors of the given predator. Such a complex method of warning signals is called multimodal method. It may consist of a combination of simultaneous chemical and optical signals, or a combination of acoustic and optical signalling. The combination of chemical and optical signalling used against a predator is probably the most common form of multimodal signalling. The presented work deals with the analysis of biologically active substances, which participate in the defence mechanisms of a widespread species of insects - true bugs (Heteroptera). Pterin derivatives represent a large group of natural compounds derived from pteridin, bicyclic heterocycle, and they are found in virtually all living organisms from bacteria to vertebrates. In insects, they primarily serve as pigments, resulting for example in striking coloration of cuticles of Heteroptera. The first part of the dissertation was focused on identification and quantification of pterin derivatives in cuticles...
|
|
|
Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
|
|
|
Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
|
|
|
The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
|
|
|
The application of high-efficiency separation methods for chiral and achiral separations
Šubová, Martina ; Bosáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee) ; Fischer, Jan (referee)
In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the capillary electrophoresis was used to test the potential chiral separation properties of monosubstituted cyclodextrin derivatives, namely PEMEDA- and PEMPDA-β-cyclodextrins for the group of selected analytes. Both selectors exhibited excellent enantioseparation properties for N-boc-D,L-tryptophan, where the enantiomers were completely separated even at 0.5 mmol·l-1 concentration of the cyclodextrin derivative in the background electrolyte. However, the differences between the enantiodiscrimination properties of individual derivatives were minimal. The second test group consisted of two cyclodextrin derivatives, namely 2-O- and 3-O- cinnamyl-α-cyclodextrins. These derivatives are able to form supramolecular polymers in aqueous solutions that disintegrate at elevated temperature. The formation of these polymers was tested by NMR and DLS experiments. None of the tested cyclodextrin derivatives showed enantiodiscrimination properties towards a group of selected analytes. In the frame of antipredatory study, HPLC-MS/MS method working in HILIC mode was used for separation of ten pterin derivatives and riboflavin, which can be present as pigments in insects, reptiles or amphibians as a part of their warning coloration. The developed methodology was applied for...
|
|
|
Spiders as senders and receivers of antipredatory warning signals
Raška, Jan ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee) ; Krištín, Anton (referee)
The introductory part of this thesis sums up the state of knowledge on aposematism and mimicry, the effect of aposematic and mimetic signals on spider predators, and cases when spiders do not receive but send such signals. Attachments of the thesis include four original manuscripts. In the first study, we presented jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae) with different colour forms (red-and-black, yellow-and-black, white-and-black) of the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoridae). Our goal was to compare reactions of the spiders to various intensity of aposematic signalization, expecting red-and-black coloration to have the strongest effect. Aversive learning of all colour forms was equally effective, but generalization of the learned avoidance to other colour forms was more effective after switch from less (white-and-black, yellow-and-black) to more (red-and-black) conspicuously coloured prey. When tested the next day, avoidance of the white-and-black prey got mostly forgotten. In the second study, we assessed little studied sensitivity of spiders to smells of unpalatable prey. After jumping spiders learned to avoid firebugs, most of them avoided the firebug smell, showing their sensitivity not only to optical, but also to chemical part of signalization of the unpalatable prey. In the...
|
guest ::
